
In this case, they were mistaken: the primary example of this being railroad components and structures. These components are exactly the kinds of components we now know to be most vulnerable to fatigue: components that undergo high stress cyclic loading. Mechanical fatigue is very similar to the idea of fatigue in people: it is the idea that a repeatedly applied (cycled) load or strain can cause damage over time and eventually lead to fracture. None of these loads by themselves cause the structure to break (as it would with a sudden impact), but over time microfractures that are difficult to see develop and weaken the constitution of the material. Eventually, these microfractures can cause the complete collapse of the structure.
Though the idea of fatigue was first proposed in 1837, engineers did not begin to really understand the idea of fatigue until much later after the failure of parts that were supposed to be sound and the death of passengers resulting from collapses that weren't supposed to happen. The point Petroski makes is that we should not to try to forget or endlessly criticize these failures, but instead to accept them as an unfortunate and necessary part of being human. Only through failure can we grow and progress, not only as engineers, but also as people.
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